stripe.com

Stripe is a financial infrastructure platform that provides APIs for online payment processing and commerce solutions. It enables businesses to accept payments, manage their finances, and scale their operations. Stripe offers services such as payment links, checkout solutions, and the ability to issue physical and virtual cards.

The candidate, Stripe, explicitly offers payment processing, developer API integration, fraud detection ('Radar'), and various other services like 'Connect', 'Issuing', 'Terminal', 'Capital', 'Invoicing', multi-currency support, and customer portals, aligning strongly with the described features. The website content confirms these offerings, making it a highly confident match.